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History of the work and its writers
Two out-of-work American actors, James Rado (James Radomski) and Gerome
Ragni, created Hair in 1966. The pair
wanted to create a stage musical that combined traditional Broadway elements
with "something new, something different,
something that translated to the stage the wonderful excitement we felt in
the streets." (Rado) This excitement was the
longHaired, peace-loving, freewheeling hippie ethos of New York's East
Village in the mid-60s. As the Haight-Ashbury area
became in San Francisco (before it's commercial exploitation) so the East
Village was a focal point for the art and music of the
emerging "counterculture".
Rado: "We intended Hair for Broadway. We knew that's where it belonged and
offered it to many of the established uptown
producers. It was rejected again and again."
Naturally they were delighted
when producer Joseph Papp approached them and
proposed that Hair become the very first production at the
under-construction New York Shakespeare Festival Public
Theatre; he offered them a limited run of six weeks. Papp liked Hair's premise, and
suggested that Rado and Ragni develop a score. They brought in composer Galt MacDermot, who familiarized himself
with the counterculture and music in order to
compose the score for the show. Hair opened at the Public Theatre on October
17, 1967. However, that run soon came to
an end, and although review were favourable, the show closed with no new
venue to move to.
It was then that jet-setting impresario Michael Butler came to the rescue.
The scion of a wealthy family with interests in
paper, aviation, ranching, banking, utilities, electronics and real estate,
Butler's first entry into theatre came in the 50s when he
convinced his father to back the original Broadway production of WEST SIDE
STORY. He was also prominent in the
Democratic Party in the 50s and 60s and was an intimate friend and informal
adviser to John F. Kennedy. Butler saw Hair at
the Shakespeare Public Theatre, loved it, and decided to become involved.
Jointly he and Papp took the bold step of moving Hair to the Cheetah discotheque on Broadway, located where the Roundabout Theatre is today, on Broadway between 45th
and 46th Streets. Because Cheetah was a working disco, Hair had to start
performances early in the night (7 pm curtain, with
no intermission) to clear the floor in time for the dance patrons.
Eventually, due to financial troubles, Hair had to close, but the team was
determined to keep Hair alive. Butler first tried
working in concert with Papp: " (We) discussed a first class
co-production. We made a deal and then Papp changed the
terms. He did not believe in its future. So I went it alone."
In the
meantime, the authors revised the book and music, and
went into rehearsal again with a new script, new songs and a new director.
After negotiations between the authors and Butler,
final changes were agreed upon, and Tom O'Horgan agreed to become the new
director. Butler also insisted that Rado take
over the role of Claude.
O'Horgan took three months to recast and rework the show. Rehearsals took
place at the Ukranian Hall in the East Village,
while Butler tried to find a venue. Finally, he struck a deal with the owner
of the Biltmore Theater, located on 47th Street. Hair opened on Broadway at the Biltmore on April 29, 1968 and the rest is
history. It closed on Broadway on July 1, 1972
after 1,742 performances.
The runaway success of the Broadway production spawned 29 other productions
in 17 countries over the next few years, and Hair became the most talked about theatrical event of the era. Wherever it
was staged it broke box office records; its
anti-war, anti-establishment message, and the infamous nude scene,
guaranteed that it became the target of conservative ire,
ensuring a constant stream of intrigued patrons who wanted to see what all
the fuss was about.
Hair was also important in launching the careers of many new stars. Famous
performers who made their names in the various
US and international casts include Keith Carradine, Nell Carter, Cliff
DeYoung, Marcia Hines, Reg Livermore, Keith Glass,
John Waters, Diane Keaton, Joe Mantegna, Chuck McKinney, Meat Loaf, Natalie
Mosco (Tanya in Number 96), Ted
Neeley (who had the lead role in Jesus Christ Superstar on stage and
in the film), Ben Vereen (Judas in the original Broadway production of
Superstar), Jennifer Warnes, Alex Harvey
(Sensational Alex Harvey Band),
Philip Michael Thomas (Miami Vice), Tim Curry and Richard O'Brien (The Rocky Horror Show), Elaine Paige
(Evita, Aspects of Love)
and Donna Summer.
After a delay of many years, Butler finally brought Hair to the screen in
1979. The movie version was directed by Milos
Forman.
Notes on the Australian Production
The Australian production of Hair opened in Sydney on 4 June 1969 at the
Metro Theatre, Kings Cross. It was
unanimously well-reviewed, and despite a minor hitch at the premiere (the
auditorium had to be evacuated because of a bomb scare) the star-studded
premiere was a major social event, attended by a host of local celebrities
who generated almost as much publicity as the show itself -- so much so that
the Daily Mirror headlined their story "Two shows for the price of
one".
Hair was a
resounding success with audiences, breaking local box office records, and generating
enormous media interest because of its then-controversial
content. It ran for nearly two years in Sydney before shifting to Melbourne,
premiering on 8 June 1971 and
then on a national tour.
Several key members of the
cast and production team of Hair went on to the Australian productions of
Jesus Christ Superstar (1972) and
The
Rocky Horror Show (1974), and all were tremendous critical and box-office
successes.
Producer Harry M. Miller mounted the show in partnership with Kenn
Brodziak's company Aztec Services, one
of several productions on which they collaborated at this time, including
the controversial stage play The Boys In The Band.
Miller had been introduced to the play by Stefan Haag of the Elizabethan
Theatre Trust:
Harry M. Miller:
"Stefan ... came back from New York and he said to me, 'This show, you just
won't believe . . . and they're nude and it's such frontier stuff. Nobody in
the world has ever seen this sort of theatre. You must get it. You must.' "
Director Jim Sharman, one of the rising new stars of Australian theatre, was
only 24 when he was selected to direct the show -- the first time that an
Australian had directed a local version of a Broadway production. Sharman
also designed Hair n for its Sydney premiere, but the show was
re-designed for the Melbourne season by
Brian Thomson (who had a long and
successful collaboration with Sharman). His re-design included old washing
machines, TV sets, radios and lawn mowers placed around the stage,
more lighting effects, including a curved rainbow of lights over the
proscenium arch, as well as new and more elaborate costumes. The sound
system was also improved for the Melbourne season.
The original Sydney production featured lights by renowned film and lightshow collective
Ubu,
the production included a short experimental film by
Albie Thoms (a member
of the Ubu collective) which was created for projection over the stage
during the 'Vietnam War' sequence.
In the relatively conservative social atmosphere of 1969, Hair was a daring
and challenging production, featuring nudity, bad language, drug references
and 'free love'. As a result, the soundtrack album (released on Spin in late
1969) was banned in Queensland and in New Zealand. One of Hair's central themes was resistance to the war in Vietnam:
Jim Sharman: ""... it was absolutely visceral theatre and in that way
it connects to the times. There's a famous quote about the late sixties
which is, 'If you can remember it, you weren't there,' and in essence that
also applies to Hair."
(Hair) was an absolute response to the Vietnam
War and inside that was a kind of curiously quite conservative and rather
Christian parable of the kind of Christ-like Claude ... representing an entire generation who are
being sacrificed to a war that at the very least was highly questionable."
Sharman cast his Australian 'tribe' mainly from theatrical newcomers,
"because they had something of the street savvy and something of the edge
that the piece itself had." All were Australians except for six American
singer-actors imported for the production. This was a key feature -- black
Americans were something of a novelty in Australia, but the integrated cast
was a crucial element of the show because segregation and racial
discrimination were still a real problem in the USA.
Keith Glass (Berger) came from the pop-rock scene in Melbourne and was a
former member of the groups 18th Century Quartet and Cam-Pact. Marcia Hines
(recruited in Boston by producer
Harry M. Miller) was an accomplished singer but she had no stage experience.
One of the few cast members with solid stage and TV experience was Reg
Livermore. He was at first uninterested in the project but was deeply moved
by it when he finally went to see a preview:
Reg Livermore: "... by the end of it I was just ... an emotional wreck. I was
in tears ... I saw something there that I'd never seen before in my life
and recognised that somehow, sometime, I just had to be up there in it."
The controversy surrounding the show was significant, but producer Harry M.
Miller cannily exploited this to create advance publicity. The infamous nude
scene particularly aroused the curiosity of public and press alike.
Jim Sharman: "You had . . . a very puritanical society being confronted with
something that was very loud in expressing the need for sexual liberation
and I think that if there was a central issue that confronted people it was
that one."
The man with the ultimate power over the show was NSW Chief Secretary Eric
Willis. If he found Hair to be offensive or obscene, he could have it
closed down. This was a real threat -- Willis had recently forced an Old
Tote production of the play America Hurrah! to remove 'offensive' language
from the script, and a few months later Miller encountered even more serious problems
when he took his production of The Boys In
The Band to Melbourne, where three of the actors were charged with
obscenity.
But Miller cleverly took the precaution of arranging a star-studded preview
and party, to which Willis was specifically invited, and he ensured that any
possible shock would be minimal by 'tweaking' the scene:
Harry M. Miller: "I think he said the nude scene couldn't run more than 40 seconds . . . so
the night he was there, if you'd dropped your program on the floor you
wouldn't have seen (it). I think it was a second and a half long. Normal
nights about four minutes. It depends who was there.
Miller also carefully stacked the after-show party with hand-picked guests including
Dame Zara Holt, widow of former Liberal PM Harold Holt, who gushed enthusiastically
about Hair to Willis. The preparation paid off and Willis gave the show the
green light:
Eric Willis: "I told them it was not my kind of show. That it denigrated
all of the basic
standards of life that we had been reared to believe were correct ... the
nude scene in my opinion was completely unnecessary ... but it was so
brief that, you know, I just thought it was harmless."
For the performers, the nude scene was initially a challenge -- nothing like
it had been staged in Australia before -- but they soon learned to take it
in their stride:
John Waters: " ... we came to the time to rehearse [the nude scene] and I
think Jim Sharman said, 'Well, you know, we're going to get our clothes off
eventually. We might as well start now.' He took off his clothes and after a
while it became a bit of a laugh and nobody bothered about it so much."
Reg Livermore: "I just stood next to a big black man. Nobody looked at me."
Harry M. Miller (Producer)
Miller was born in Auckland, New Zealand in 1934. In the
late 1950s he established himself as a
promoter and manager, with clients including the popular NZ vocal group The
Howard Morrison Quartet, and a promoter and
entrepreneur, handling the NZ sections of Australasian tours by leading
overseas artists as well as local . His first Australian
promotion was a financially disastrous tour by The Kingston Trio in 1961, but
in 1963 he promoted a very successful tour by
Louis Armstrong, after which he moved to Australia and established Pan
Pacific Productions P/L. Throughout the 1960s Miller
promoted many of the major musical and theatre tours of Australia and New
Zealand including classical pianist Artur
Rubinstein, Shelley Berman, Sammy Davis Jnr, the notorious Australian tour
by Judy Garland, pop groups The Rolling Stones
and The Beach Boys, German drama group Die Breucke, raft voyager William
Willis and the Ballet Folklorico of Mexico.
The real basis of Miller's public reputation came from his hugely successful
stage productions in the early 1970s -- Hair, Superstar and Rocky Horror -- and he also produced a
London production of
David Williamson's The Removalists in 1973.
Later in the 1970s he was appointed a Director of Qantas and organiser of
the Queen's Silver Jubilee celebrations in Australia.
In 1978 he established the firm Computicket (a forerunner to Ticketek) which
went into receivership within six months. In 1982
Miller was charged with five counts of fraudulent misappropriation in
connection with Computicket. Although found guilty,
many felt that Miller was singled out because of a vendetta against him by
members of the NSW Wran Labor government and
he was convicted and spent ten months in Long Bay and Cessnock jails,
despite the relatively minor nature of the crimes. In the
fallout from the Computicket Miller (understandably) became far more
defensive of his public image, and has tended to shy
away from the vigorous self-promotion of his '70s heyday (his name appeared
11 times each on the Hair soundtrack LP and the Superstar program). After his release Miller slowly revived his career and
by the 1990s he was established as a leading
manager and agent, with clients as diverse as Jill Wran, ex-wife of former
Premier Neville Wran, and Stuart Diver, the lone
survivor of the Thredbo landslide disaster. In association with the IMG
group, Miller promoted a hugely successful concert
version of Superstar in the 90s, starring John Farnham, Kate Ceberano, Jon
Stevens and John Waters. He
collaborated with IMG on a revival of Hair, which was scheduled to open in
September 2000, but the production was cancelled only weeks before its
premiere.
Jim Sharman (Director)
Sharman was born March 12 1945. He is the son of Jimmy
Sharman, the famous Australian boxing promoter
whose travelling tent show toured Australian from the 1940s to the 1960s.
(Sharman's show, which featured many Aboriginal
boxers, became a target for the ire of certain Australian bands in 80s,
notably Midnight Oil (Jimmy Sharman's Boxers) and
Cold Chisel (Yesterdays). Jim began his career in the early 60s in the
Sydney theatre scene. After the enormous success of
Hair, which he also directed in Tokyo, he directed the shortlived Patrick
Flynn-Sandra MacKenzie-Reg Livermore musical Lasseter (1971) at the Old Tote, followed by the Australian production of
Jesus Christ Superstar, which opened
in 1972 to enormous acclaim. Sharman also directed his first feature film
that year, Shirley Thompson Versus The
Aliens. The success of the Sydney Supertar production led to an invitation
to direct the London production. It was
here that he met cast members Richard O'Brien and Tim Curry, and this led to
the creation of The Rocky Horror
Show in 1973. Also in 1972, Jim met Australian-born singer Little Nell
(Laura Campbell), whom he discovered busking
outside the theatre where Superstar was playing; he invited her to join
Rocky in the role of "Columbia". After directing
the successful London, Los Angeles and Sydney stage productions of Rocky,
Sharman directed The Rocky Horror Picture
Show, which has since become a cult classic.
Brian Thomson (production designer)
One of Australia's most successful
and acclaimed theatrical designers. He was born in
Perth, WA on June 5 1947. He studied architecture at Perth Technical College
and then at the University of New South Wales
(1964-67). He first attracted attention with his striking work on a series
of experimental theatre and film productions in the late
60s, culminating in his acclaimed design for a 1970 stage production of The
Who's TOMMY. In 1971 he began his long and
fruitful collaboration with Jim Sharman, designing a revolutionary set for
the Old Tote production of Shakespeare's As You
Like It, which led to commissions for three subsequent Old Tote productions:
National Health, The Resistible
Rise Of Arturo Ui and Lasseter, a musical based on the legend of the
Australian prospector Ernest Lasseter, who
was rumoured to have found a fabulous seam of gold, but who went missing and
died in the desert before being able to relate
its exact whereabouts. Between 1969 and 1975 his credits include Hair,
Lasseter, Shirley Thompson, vs The
Aliens, Jesus Christ Superstar, and the The Rocky Horror Show (stage and
film). Thompson did not design the original Sydney production (this was by
director Jim Sharman) but was brought in to redesign the show for its
Melbourne season in 1970-71.
Keith Glass (Berger, 1969-1970) had a remarkable musical career both before and after
Hair. In the Sixties he was a founder member
of several major Australian pop groups: The Rising Sons, 18th Century
Quartet (with Hans Poulsen) and Cam-Pact, whose
members included Chris Stockley, Trevor Courtney, Chris Lovfen, Russell
Smith and Ray Arnott. After Hair he founded the
seminal country rock band Sundown (which included two future members of
The
Dingoes) and ran two famous Melbourne
record stores, Archie & Jughead and later Missing Link, which was the first
store in the country to import early
punk and New Wave records in the late 70s. Keith also
founded the Missing Link label, which released the first recordings by The
Go-Betweens and The Birthday Part (whom Keith
managed) as well as re-releasing some classic 60s Australian rock. Today Keith is a respected country music performer and a
successful songwriter, with compositions recorded by
many major Australian artists including Slim Dusty
Reg Livermore (Berger, 1970-71)
Livermore's credits on stage and TV go back to the early 60s and include Whiplash,
Adventure Unlimited and The Mavis Bramston Show. Reg wrote the lyrics for the Patrick Flynn-scored
musical Lasseter (1971), played 'Herod' in the original Australian production of
Jesus Christ Superstar in 1972-73, and collaborated again with Flynn on
the
rock opera Ned Kelly (1974), which was recorded as an album but never staged.
He starred as Frank-N-Furter in The Rocky Horror Show in 1974-75. After
Rocky, Reg embarked on a series of successful and critically lauded
one-man shows: Wonder Woman, Betty Blokk Buster Follies and Sacred Cow. After
retiring from full time stage work in the late 80s, Reg began performing
popular cabaret shows at a theatre restaurant in Springwood, and works as a
regular presenter on the 'info-tainment' show Better Homes & Gardens.
Marcia Hines
Marcia as born Boston, Mass, USA in 1953 and was barely out of school
when she was imported especially for the
production. Drawing on her roots in the American gospel tradition in her
hometown of Boston, she easily won a 1969 US
audition for the Australian production. Because she was still a minor in the
US, producer Harry M. Miller had to be appointed
as her guardian so that she could travel here. She joined the cast in April
1970, aged only 16, by which time she was already
pregnant with her daughter, who was born during the run of Hair on 4
September 1970. After Hair closed she was chosen
for the original Australian production of
Jesus Christ Superstar in 1973,
replacing actress Michelle Fawdon as Mary
Magdelene, and it was this role that really established her in Australia.
After Superstar closed in 1974, she worked with
the Daly Wilson Big Band, touring overseas and recording with them, before
embarking on a hugely successful solo career in
1975.
As one of the only black American female performers working in Australia at
the time, Marcia was soon dubbed Australia's
"Queen of Soul". She recorded many best-selling singles and albums --
including five Top Ten hits -- earned several gold and
platinum albums, made two musical TV series for the ABC, was voted "Queen of
Pop" for three years running 1976-78, and
was Australia's top-selling recording and concert artist for four
consecutive years 1976-79.
In the mid-80s she stopped performing full-time for several years due to
ill-health but after being diagnosed with diabetes and
learning to manage her condition, she returned to regular performing and
recording in the mid-90s. She also teaches singing and
hopes to open her own performance school. Her daughter Deni has also become
a successful singer, with hits in the 90s both
with The Rockmelons and as a solo performer.
John Waters (Claude)
Born in London, England in 1948 John was the middle of five
children of Scottish actor Russell Waters. John
was the singer and bass player with the 60's R&B band The Riots before
travelling to Australia and landing the leading role of
Claude in Hair. This led to a highly successful career on stage, film and
television. He shot to national fame as the brooding
Sgt. McKellar in the ABC's Rush in the 70s, followed by film roles in
End
Play, Summerfield and Breaker Morant and in the 80s mini-series
All The Rivers Run, Nancy Wake and Alice
To Nowhere. John won
the AFI Best Actor award in 1985 for his role Boulevard Of Broken Dreams.
John's stage credits include
Professor Higgins in My Fair Lady and productions of The Hunting Of The
Snark for Mike Batt and A Little
Night Music for the Sydney Theatre Company. In the early 90s he played
Pilate in Harry M. Miller's hugely successful
concert version of Jesus Christ Superstar.
John left Superstar to tour nationally with a one-man show he devised called
Looking Through A Glass
Onion. A John Lennon aficionado and Beatles fan from way back, John wrote
the show to celebrate Lennon's life and work
and to evoke his honesty, bitter-sweet humour and disdain for
pretentiousness. Looking Through A Glass
Onion played sell-out seasons around Australia in 1992-93, culminating in a
season in London's West End. Due to its popularity a
second national tour played to critical acclaim and a sold-out season.
Waters received considerable critical praise his writing for
his performance as Lennon, winning the Melbourne Green Room Award for Best
Actor In a Musical. More recently, John starred with Matt Day in The Sugar Factory and on stage as Captain Von Trapp
in the Australian production of The
Sound Of Music. He has revived Glass Onion for a return season in Sydney in
early 2001 after a successful season
in New Zealand in 2000 with Darryl Lovegrove in the lead role.
Wayne Cull
- played a number of roles on Australian TV including
appearing in the series Fire (1995)
Graham Matters
- went on to play Rocky in original Australian
production of The Rocky Horror Show, and
later featured as "The Wizard" in the Chris Lofven film Oz.
Original Australian Cast Album

1969 (Spin/Festival SEL-933544) double album (stereo)
Track listing:
Aquarius
Hare Krishna
Where Do I Go?
Donna
Sodomy
Manchester, England
Going Down
Easy to Be Hard
General Grant's March
Sheila Franklin
Air
Initials
I Got Life
Black Boys
White Boys
Frank Mills
Walking in Space
Abie Baby
Three-Five-Zero
What a Piece of Work Is Man
Hair
Farewell to Claude
Ain't Got No
Flesh Failures
Let the Sunshine In
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